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Warming temperatures and prolonged drought periods cause rapid changes of fire frequencies and intensities in high-latitude ecosystems. Associated smoke plumes deposit dark particles from incomplete combustion on the Greenland ice sheet that reduce albedo but also provide a detailed record of paleofire history. Here, we apply an emerging microscopic charcoal technique in combination with established black carbon and lead pollution measurements to an array of 10 ice cores from southern to central Greenland that span recent decades. We found that microscopic charcoal deposition is highly variable among sites, with a few records suggesting recently increasing biomass burning possibly in response to growing fire activity in boreal forest ecosystems. This stands in contrast to decreasing trends in black carbon measured in the same ice cores, consistent with contributions from industrial fossil fuel emissions. Decreasing trends of lead pollution and occurrence of microscopic spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP), a microfossil tracer of fossil fuel emissions, further support our interpretation that black carbon in this region is influenced by industrial emissions during recent decades. We conclude that microscopic charcoal analyses in ice may help disentangle biomass burning from fossil-fuel emissions during the industrial period and have potential to contribute to better understanding of regional high-latitude fire regimes.